Abstract
The present study examined the relationship between mental toughness, sport motivation, and sport anxiety in a sample of 106 highly active adult esports players (94 males and 12 females) with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years (M = 22.3, SD = 3.3), who engaged in games such as League of Legends. Participants completed the Mental Toughness Inventory (MTI), the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), and the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2). The results of the correlation analysis indicated that mental toughness was negatively associated with concentration distraction. Intrinsic motivation showed a positive association with worry, whereas extrinsic motivation was positively related to concentration distraction. Moreover, amotivation sub-scale correlated with both increased somatic anxiety and concentration distraction. Furthermore, results of conducting regression analyses indicated that amotivation was the only significant predictor of somatic anxiety and concentration disruption, whereas intrinsic motivation was the only significant predictor of worry. Findings emphasize that motivational factors, rather than mental toughness, are more significant in accounting for sport-related anxiety among highly active esports players.
References
Almagro, B. J., Sáenz-López, P., Fierro-Suero, S., & Conde, C. (2020). Perceived Performance, Intrinsic Motivation and Adherence in Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249441
Athena T. W. Lam , Thilini P. Perera , Kiara Bern A. Quirante , Antonia Wilks , Abbie J. Ionas & G. David Baxter (2020) E-athletes’ lifestyle behaviors, physical activity habits, and overall health and wellbeing: a systematic review. Physical Therapy Reviews, 25, 5-6, 449-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/10833196.2020.1843352
Bányai, F., Griffiths, M. D., Király, O, & Demetrovics, Z. (2019). The psychology of esports: A systematic review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 35(2), 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-018-9763-1
Behnke, M., Stefanczyk, M. M., Żurek, G., & Sorokowski, P. (2023). Esports Players Are Less Extroverted and Conscientious than Athletes. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 26(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2022.0067
Blecharz, J., Horodyska, K., Zarychta, K., Adamiec, A., & Luszczynska, A. (2015). Intrinsic motivation predicting performance satisfaction in athletes: Further psychometric evaluations of the Sport Motivation Scale-6. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2015-0037
Cao, S., Geok, S. K., Roslan, S., Sun, H., Lam, S. K., & Qian, S. (2022). Mental Fatigue and Basketball Performance: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 819081. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.819081
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Gerber, M., Best, S., Meerstetter, F., Walter, M., Ludyga, S., Brand, S., Bianchi, R., Madigan, D. J., Isoard-Gautheur, S., & Gustafsson, H. (2018). Effects of stress and mental toughness on burnout and depressive symptoms: A prospective study with young elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(12), 1200-1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.01
Giakoni-Ramírez, F., Merellano-Navarro, E., & Duclos-Bastías, D. (2022). Professional Esports Players: Motivation and Physical Activity Levels. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(4), 2256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042256
Gonzalez Caino, P. C., Resett, S., & Moreno, J. E. (2023). Evidencias de validez de una escala de fortaleza mental en jugadores de deportes electrónicos de la Argentina. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.492841
Gucciardi, D. F. (2017). Mental toughness: Progress and prospects. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.010
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12079
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
Johannes, N., Vuorre, M., & Przybylski, A. K. (2021). Video game play is positively correlated with well-being. Royal Society open science, 8(2), 202049. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202049
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 205-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103509
Leis, O., & Lautenbach, F. (2020). Psychological and physiological stress in non-competitive and competitive esports settings: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 51, 101738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101738
Liew, G. C., Kuan, G., Chin, N. S., & Hashim, H. A. (2019). Mental toughness in sport: Systematic review and future. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 49(4), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-019-00603-3
Lin, Y., Mutz, J., Clough, P. J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Mental toughness and individual differences in learning, education and work performance, psychological well-being, and personality: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. ArtID: 1345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01345
Locke, E. A., & Schattke, K. (2019). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Time for expansion and clarification. Motivation Science, 5(4), 277-90. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000116
Madden, D., Liu, Y., Yu, H., Sonbudak, M. F., Troiano, G. M., & Harteveld, C. (2021). “Why are you playing games? You are a girl!”: Exploring gender biases in esports. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1-5). https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445248
Mahoney, J. W., Gucciardi, D. F., Ntoumanis, N., & Mallet, C. J. (2014). Mental toughness in sport: Motivational antecedents and associations with performance and psychological health. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0260
Núñez, J. L., Martín-Albo, J., Navarro, J. G., & González, V. M. (2006). Preliminary Validation of a Spanish Version of the Sport Motivation Scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 102(3), 919-930. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.102.3.919-930
Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Tuson, K. M., Brière, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35-53.
Peracchia, S., Presaghi, F., & Curcio, G. (2019). Pathologic Use of Video Games and Motivation: Can the Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS) Predict Depression and Trait Anxiety?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061008
Poulus, D., Coulter, T. J., Trotter, M. G., & Polman, R. (2020). Stress and coping in esports and the influence of mental toughness. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. ArtID: 638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00628
Ramis, Y., Torregrosa, M., Viladrich, C., & Cruz, J. (2010). Adaptación y validación de la versión Española de la Escala de Ansiedad Competitiva SAS-2 para deportistas de iniciación [Adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale SAS-2 for young athletes]. Psicothema, 22(4), 1004-1009.
Schaefer, J., Vella, S. A., Allen, M. S., & Magee, C. A. (2016). Competition anxiety, motivation, and mental toughness in golf. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(3), 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2016.1162219
Schüler, J., Wolff, W., and Duda, J. L. (2023). Intrinsic motivation in the context of sports. Sport and exercise psychology: theory and application. Springer International Publishing, 171-192.
Sheehan, R. B., Herring, M. P., & Campbell, M. J. (2018). Associations Between Motivation and Mental Health in Sport: A Test of the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 707. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00707
Standage, M. (2023). Self-determination theory applied to sport. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of self-determination theory (pp. 701-23). Oxford University Press.
Suggs, D. W. (2022). Organizing and governing collegiate esports. In Understanding Collegiate Esports (pp. 106-120). Routledge.
Varzeas, K. A. (2022). Mental health and wellness for the esports student-athlete. In Understanding Collegiate Esports (pp. 50-67). Routledge.
Wu, X., Zainal Abidin, N. E., & Aga Mohd Jaladin, R. (2021). Motivational processes influencing mental health among winter sports athletes in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 726072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726072

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pablo Christian González Caino, Juan Ignacio López, Edward Chang